Statistics and Business Research Method on Business

Question: Discuss about the Statistics and Business Research Method on Business. Answer: Introduction: Advertisement describes paid form of non-personal communication that organizations utilize in order to provide information to the target audience (Chang 2014). Thus, it reflects that any promotional activity must have to in the paid form in order to be called as advertisement. Organizations utilize advertisement for creating awareness regarding the kind of products and services they will provide to the customers. In the present competitive business environment, organizations focus on the effective utilization of several techniques of advertisement in order to create positive impact on the business perspectives. It has been evaluated that advertisement can actually create major impact on the business development perspectives. For that reason, majority of the organizations tries to utilize all the forms of advertisement in order to fulfil all business objectives. Furthermore, competitive business environment has also induced organizations to consider all possible strategies so that it can actually able to create maximum amount of positive impact on the business perspectives. In this study, the focus will be on the evaluation of the kind of impact that advertisement can have on businesses of the organizations. The study will also will try to highlight the expected amount of positive and negative impact that advertisement can have on the businesses. Literature review: Effectiveness of advertisement: Effectiveness of the advertisement can be reflected as the extent to which a particular advertisement can able to create desired impact on the business perspectives. As per the article by Nettelhorst and Brannon (2012), measuring the impact of advertisement is extremely important, as organizations have to invest huge amount of money for sharing information through the advertisement. However, it is very difficult to utilize any global measure regarding the effectiveness of the advertisement. Therefore, organizations have to focus on several factors like marketing policies, behavior, and financial decisions at the time of evaluating the kind of impact that advertisement can have to on the businesses. As mentioned by Chang (2014) advertisement often interacts with several variables related to business. Furthermore, advertisement also focuses on the environment variables like economic conjuncture and competition in order to create desired impact on the businesses. Several studies have me ntioned that advertisement can create both short-term and long-term impact on the mind of the potential customers (Vasseur 2016). Technological evaluation has provided huge amount of opportunities for the organizations to utilize different platforms for the effective utilization of advertisement. Advertisement platforms like television and social media allows organizations to target large number of customers in an appropriate way. Chih-Chung, Chang and Lin (2012) have highlighted two basic models namely The dichotomous model and The three-dimensional model for the proper evaluation of the effectiveness of the advertisement. The dichotomous model: As per the article by Goyal and Sharma (2014) the dichotomous model is primarily utilize in the brand or product advertisement. The model focuses on two factors including sales effect and communication effect in order to estimate the kind of impact that advertisement can have on the businesses of the organization. Sales effect reflects the evaluation of capability of advertising to create impact on the total volume of sales regardless on the influence of any other external factors. As opined by Yeh (2015) the effectiveness of advertisement will have to be evaluated on the kind of short-term impact it can have on the on the overall sales volume for a particular organization. Marginal theory is among the popular way to measure the performance level of advertisement. For that reason, advertisement is regarded as an independent factor that can be utilize with other marketing factors in order to create major impact on the several dependent variable like sales for the organization (Ganesan , Sridhar and Priyadharsani 2016). Organizations aim to utilize all the independent and dependent variables effectively so that it can create maximum impact on the businesses. On the other hand, communication effect refers to the ability so share important messages to the target markets effectively. As per the article by Dwivedi and Bansal (2014), organizations can utilize different approaches including sociological, semiotic, psychological and socio-psychological. Sociological analysis focuses on considering a particular community in order to evaluate the social rules and social norms are implemented in that particular community. It helps advertisement to communicate messages in such a way so that every people in the community can able to understand the message in an appropriate way. Semiotic analysis focuses on particular symbols like gesture, words, dance and images that can convey specific meaning. It helps to share messages to the target market in such a way so that it can able to create best possible impact on the business. As per the article by Aguirre et al. (2015), motivation has the potential to affect the behavior of the customers in a major way . The psychological communication approach focuses on the enhancement of the motivational level of the potential customers so that it can able to create desired amount of impact on the businesses. Finally, socio-psychological approach examines the effectiveness of advertisement concerning persuasiveness. It also observes the expected formation process of memory, attention, behavior and attitude. However, the dichotomous model also has gone through several criticisms. The model is concerned about the partial assessment but it does not focus too much on providing reliable breakdowns of the impacts that can be achieved by advertisement or other company politics like communication and marketing. The three-dimensional model: The three-dimensional models (i.e. Dagmar model and AIDA model) utilize both planning and evaluation of the effectiveness of the advertisement campaigns. These models propose a hierarchy of cognitive affect, behavioral and communication that can help to evaluate the kind of impact advertisement can have on the businesses. As per the article by Kim and Joo (2015) cognitive dimension analysis focuses on the understanding of the messages and also storing it in an appropriate way so that it can be utilized for the future enhancement process of the advertisement. On the other hand, the affective dimension is related to the attitude towards the perception of the communication that advertisement utilize in order to enhance the businesses in an effective way (Gilbert-Diamond et al. 2016). It also helps to investigated the kind of emotional acceptance that a particular advertisement has able to create on the mind of the potential customers. Thus, it helps to evaluate different opinions of the customers regarding the effectiveness of the advertisements so that it can able to create good image in the market successfully (Gierl and Schneider 2016). As per the article by Shea (2015), the behavioral dimension reflects the changes in the intentions and buying behavior of the customers that affect the effectiveness of the advertisement. Thus, three-dimensional models are primarily focused towards prime elements like recipients (memory, audience and storage) and feedback (behavior, opinion and attitude). However, in this present competitive business environment, organization focusing on the utilization of different platform in order to create maximum impact on the business. Utilization of electronic media and social media has increases the complexity of advertisement (Choi and Yu 2013). For that reason, three-dimensional models focus on the utilization of effective communication process in the advertisement campaign so that it can able to create maximum impact on the market. Literature gap: The above discussion highlights the fact that advertisement can create serious impact on the business perspectives. However, technological upgradation has provided organizations more options to create desired amount of impact through advertisement. In fact, social media platforms like Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter has provided organizations to capture global customers through very little investment compared to any other advertisement platform. Therefore, it has become very difficult for the organizations to evaluate the exact amount of impact that advertisement can have on the businesses. Research questions: In order to evaluate the effect of advertisement on businesses, the research questions are developed as follows: Is advertisement has the capability to create major impact on the profit level of the organization? How utilization of different media for advertisement can create positive impact on the profit level of the organization? Which media can have maximum amount of impact on the businesses? What will be the suggested way of utilizing advertisement so that it can able to create maximum impact on the businesses? Research methodology: Research outline: Research outline focuses on the evaluation of all the factors related to research study. In order to analysis the expected impact of advertisement on business, the outline of the research includes elements like research design, research approach, research philosophy, data collection and analysis procedure. The research study will focus on the effective evaluation of all the factors in order to identify the best possible way to analyze the kind impact that advertisement can have on the businesses. Thus, in order to analyze the effect of advertisement on business, the research study will select positivism research philosophy, deductive approach and descriptive research design. The research study will also focus on the effective utilization of primary and secondary data collection procedure so that research study can able to fulfill all its objectives. Furthermore, the research study will utilize quantitative and qualitative procedure in order to identify the expected amount of impact t hat advertisement can have on the businesses. Research philosophy: As highlighted by Akhlaq and Akhtar (2015) research philosophy plays a critical role in successful completion of any research study. Generally, research philosophy can be divided into three parts namely interpretivism, positivism and realism. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the advertisement, positivism research philosophy will be selected, as it will the research study to analyze different factors in an appropriate way. Positivism research philosophy will also provide assistance on the effective utilization of the research topic. It also helps the research study to include hidden information effectively. On the other hand, the research study will not utilize other philosophies, as it will prolong the stipulated time for the successful completion of the research study. Research approach: Research approach is another important aspect that can create positive impact on the effective evaluation of the advertisement on businesses. Research approach helps to include in-depth information and knowledge about the topic. Inductive and deductive are two prime approaches that research study includes in order to fulfill all the objectives in an appropriate manner (Wang and Schaefer 2014). However, in order to evaluate the effect of advertisement on business, deductive research approach will be chosen. Deductive approach allows the research study to include several theories and concept related to the topic. Thus, inclusion of many theories and model related to research study actually assists the study to add value, which eventually creates positive impact on the successful fulfillment of the research study. On the other hand, the research study will not consider inductive approach, as the study does not require inclusion of any new concepts. Research design: As per the article by Furnham and Goh (2014) research design helps the research study to structure information in a proper way. Traditionally, research design can be divided into three parts explanatory, exploratory and descriptive. In order to evaluate the effect of advertisement on business, the study will utilize descriptive design, as it will help to analyze relevant data related to research study in an effective manner. It also will create positive impact on measuring all the prime factors related to research proposal effectively. Project plan: Figure 1: Gnat chart (Source: As created by author) Research process: As highlighted by Jeong and Jang (2016) development of research process is extremely important is extremely important for the successful completion of the research study. For the evaluation of the kind of effect that advertisement can have on the business, the research study will focus on the systematic implementation of procedure. Firstly, the study will develop an overview of the research topic in order to develop clear aim and objectives. In the second step, the focus will be on the development of the literature review. In this portion, the study will include in-depth secondary information so that it can able to evaluate the previous researches in an effective manner. The study will also include several theories and model in order to create additional value to the research study. In the third step, the research study will focus on the selection of research methodology so that it can able to fulfill all the requirements in an appropriate manner. Forth step will include data collect ion and analysis procedure, as it will help the study to utilize collected data in an appropriate way. Fifth step will include assessment of expected outcomes, as it will help the study to conduct the research methodology in an effective way. Figure 2: Research process (Source: As created by author) Data collection and analysis: As per the article by Marian (2016), effective utilization data collection procedure is extremely important for fulfilling all the objectives of the research. Generally, secondary and primary are the two form of data collection procedure that research studies utilize for the successful fulfillment of the research. For the evaluation of the kind of impact that advertisement can have on the businesses, the research study will consider primary data collection procedure. The study will consider primary procedure, as it can provide practical information regarding the kind of impact that advertisement can have on the businesses. Furthermore, the study will utilize both quantitative and qualitative form of data techniques in order to gather relevant information regarding the impact of advertisement of businesses. The research study will utilize two separate set of questionnaires for the collection of quantitative and qualitative information regarding the research topic. In the quantitative questionnaire, only closed-end questions will be included. On the other hand, qualitative questionnaire will only have descriptive questions. The research study will select 75 executive level marketing personnel in order to capture quantitative information regarding the kind of impact that advertisement can have on the businesses. The research study will utilize online survey technique for the collection of effective quantitative information. In case of the collection of qualitative information, the research study will select 10 manager level marketing personnel. Face-to-face interview will be conducted in order to identify different perspective of the managers in an appropriate manner. It can be mentioned that the study will utilize non-probability sampling techniques in order to select the respondents. The selection of non-probability sampling technique will help the research study to capture relevant information in an appropriate way. Moreover, the research study will utilize different statistical tools including mean, median and mode for the effective evaluation of the data. The research study will also include statistical tools like correlation and regression techniques so that it can able to fulfill its objectives in an appropriate manner. Research outcomes: The above discussion highlighted the fact that effective utilization of advertisement is necessary for all the organizations regardless of industry in order to achieve sustainable growth in the market. Furthermore, the research study is expected to depict that organizations will have to utilize different platforms in order to create maximum impact for the advertisement. It is also expected that the research study will able to suggest a way through which organization can actually enhances the effectiveness of the advertisement for the development of business perspectives. References: Aguirre, E., Mahr, D., Grewal, D., de Ruyter, K. and Wetzels, M., 2015. Unraveling the personalization paradox: the effect of information collection and trust-building strategies on online advertisement effectiveness.Journal of Retailing,91(1), pp.34-49. Akhlaq, R.M.S. and Akhtar, M., 2015. Relationship of Advertisement and Brand Awareness in Telecom Sector of Pakistan.Social and Basic Sciences Research Review,3(11), pp.406-413. Chang, C.Y., 2014. The Relationship between Mobile Text Message Content and Advertisement Effect-A case study of the mansion agency. Chang, H.H., 2014. The Effect of Advertisement on Amateur Photographers Brand Switching. Chih-Chung, C., Chang, C. and Lin, L.W.C., 2012. The effect of advertisement frequency on the advertisement attitude-the controlled effects of brand image and spokesperson's credibility.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,57, pp.352-359. Choi, Y. and Yu, S., 2013. The effect of the usage motivations, the benefits and the factors of losses of Interactive Participatory Advertisement on usage intention of advertisement.Journal of Convergence Information Technology,8(14), p.515. Dwivedi, N. and Bansal, A., 2014, September. Effect of advertisement and sponsored links on search engines: Comparative study. InConfluence The Next Generation Information Technology Summit (Confluence), 2014 5th International Conference-(pp. 915-918). IEEE. Furnham, A. and Goh, M.F., 2014. Effects of program advertisement congruity and advertisement emotional appeal on memory for health and safety advertisements.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,44(1), pp.60-70. Ganesan, P., Sridhar, M. and Priyadharsani, S., 2016. Advertisement attitude, brand attitude and purchase intention-reciprocal and mediation effect study.International Journal of Business Excellence,9(4), pp.488-510. Gierl, H. and Schneider, T., 2016. Put It on the Right Side: The Effect of Print Advertisement Location on Product Evaluation. InAdvances in Advertising Research (Vol. VII)(pp. 183-198). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Gilbert-Diamond, D., Emond, J., Lansigan, R.K., Rapuano, K., Kelley, W., Heatherton, T. and Sargent, J., 2016. Television food advertisement exposure and FTO genotype in relation to excess consumption in children.The FASEB Journal,30(1 Supplement), pp.276-7. Goyal, M. and Sharma, J., 2014, September. Effect of Advertisement on the Brand Preference (A Case Study of College Going Students). InNational Conference IAEISDISE(Vol. 2014, pp. 12-13). Jeong, E. and Jang, S., 2016. Moderating effects of self-image congruity on the relationship between advertisement message strength and revisiting intention.Journal of Foodservice Business Research, pp.1-11. Kim, D. and Joo, J., 2015. Research on Advertisement Effect according to Degree of Expectation on Creative Commercial Photography. Marian, M.M.N., 2016. Evaluation of the effect of quality of services on customer satisfaction and mouth advertisement.International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) ISSN 2356-5926,1(1), pp.1567-1585. Nettelhorst, S.C. and Brannon, L.A., 2012. The effect of advertisement choice on attention.Computers in Human Behavior,28(2), pp.683-687. Shea, C.E., 2015. The Effect of Written Message Appeals in Advertisements on Attitudes toward a Weight-Loss Supplement and the Product Advertisement. Vasseur, J.P., Cisco Technology, Inc., 2016.Method and apparatus to reduce cumulative effect of dynamic metric advertisement in smart grid/sensor networks. U.S. Patent 9,325,626. Wang, Z. and Schaefer, H.M., 2014. Limits of selection against cheaters: birds prioritise visual fruit advertisement over taste.Oecologia,174(4), pp.1293-1300. Yeh, S.Y., 2015. The Effect of Digital Marketing of Movies on the Audiences Involvement and Attitude toward the Advertisement. Research outcomes:

Short Article Reveals the Undeniable Facts About College Research Paper for Sale and How It Can Affect You

Short Article Reveals the Undeniable Facts About College Research Paper for Sale and How It Can Affect You You've got to pick a topic in which you have good expertise, and you are able to place your extra input. There are lots of sites where it is possible to discover excellent research paper topics if your teacher doesn't assign a particular subject. It's critical to commence preparing narrative and research essays ahead of time, preferably on the exact same day it was assigned! While there are lots of elements to a great research article, one of the main elements for your readers is the background of your study. The ordinary feature of thesis vs. research paper is that they're academic documents. Below are the three most important aspects to consider to make certain you select the very best research paper topics. The background of the study is the secret to introduce your audience to your research topic and ought to be carried out with string wisdom and thoughtful writing. Skimming the abstract first will let you get somewhat knowledgeable about the topic accessible. Not all research paper topics are made equal, and you would like to be certain you pick a wonderful topic before you commence writing. A paper is always simpler to write if you're interested in this issue, and you're going to be more motivated to do in-depth research and compose a paper that genuinely covers the whole subject. Make certain you check the research paper for plagiarism utilizing special software or internet websites. The research paper provides you with the chance to think seriously about some matter. Attempting to compose a research paper on a topic that doesn't have a lot of research on it's incredibly hard, so before you choose a topic, do a little preliminary searching and be certain you are going to have all the info you have to compose your paper. Each time you call for research paper aid, you should do several easy measures to find a content that will exceed your expectations. Employing unconditional positive regard by Informing the subjects that there are not any incorrect answers may also boost a participant's likelihood to answer in accordance with their real ideas and feelings. Normally the head of your course will offer a list of research paper topics and you'll be asked to select one which you're interested in. The Do's and Don'ts of College Research Paper for Sale To begin with, almost all of the text is in 1 section, 4.3. To compose the text citations is vital because it gives the authentication of your research. To begin with, you merely locate a guideline o nline with examples. Think about different formats or kinds of papers there are, and the various types which you have written. Top College Research Paper for Sale Choices It's not quite as easy as writing an essay about your summer vacation, your family members, or the previous party you've been to, as you don't need to do research to figure out about your personal experience. You may sometimes start your studying to compose a paper, but you'll quickly realize it isn't worth the effort. Secondly, in addition, it is crucial to begin on writing new research papers when well-rested and in an excellent spirit. If a student would like to learn to compose a thesis for a research paper, it's important to get an overall picture of the whole process. Use a quick anecdote, a brief you're writing. The conclusion was made to help your reader from the paper's argument, giving them a feeling of finality. Each one needs to concentrate on a single claim or idea that helps to establish the general argument or aim of the paper. Before you commence writing a single word of your paper, you first will need to understand what your thesis will be. When you think about a paper in that perspective it will become an absurd expectation for virtually any man in order to read a paper, and subsequently be in a position to have an in-depth comprehension of what the author is attempting to convey. A writer has to be alert to the obstacles that may stop the reader from understanding the content. When the writer is appointed, they begin working on your essay in line with the requirements you have specified in your purchase.

Massage Therapy Research Paper Topics

Massage Therapy Research Paper TopicsWhat type of massage therapy research papers are most popular? The answer to this question can be very broad. And it depends on where you look.Do you want to become a massage therapist? Or do you want to learn about massage therapy, and how it works? Are you looking for basic knowledge on what is being taught to massage therapists? Or are you just interested in reading about the latest in research studies that are completed on various forms of massage therapy?There are a variety of massage therapy research papers that are published each year. These range from the study results about the best techniques for improving range of motion to learning new forms of massage therapy. Some research papers are completed by independent researchers and some are performed by massage therapists. Both types of massage therapists may submit research papers to different journals.The research paper topics for massage therapy usually focus on learning new techniques or methods that are not taught to most massage therapists. Many times these massage therapists simply want to share their experiences with their customers in a written form.As a writer, it is important to take the time to choose research paper topics that will be interesting to your readers. Make sure that the topic of your paper is one that has meaning for your readers.Massage therapy can be an effective treatment for many medical conditions. Find out if there are any specific medical conditions that are helped by massage therapy. If so, write a paper about that medical condition. If there is not a specific medical condition, try to find a related cause.Studies done on the common causes of illnesses are also good research paper topics. Try to find a way to connect your topic to your industry. Perhaps you will learn something new about how the massage therapist sees the world.Remember that a great written piece of writing will always win over a great spoken piece of speaking. But a gr eat written piece of writing will always win over a great spoken piece of speaking. It is only because of these research paper topics that we as therapists get our work to the people who are interested in our profession.

Campaign Research Paper Topics - What Should You Do?

Campaign Research Paper Topics - What Should You Do?In order to succeed with your social media political campaign, you must be able to figure out how to make the best use of your time on what you do not need. To do this, you have to make sure that you understand the rules of a good political campaign and the things that are expected from it. In addition, you have to make sure that you know when it is acceptable to make changes to your strategy.When you are using social media for political campaign research, you must consider some important factors in the process. After all, this is one of the most powerful tools that you can use for your campaign.First, when you are doing your political campaign research, you must decide what social media method you are going to use. You must also determine if you want to perform a traditional poll or a survey, which will be more effective for your campaign. You also have to choose a poll that will allow you to gauge the opinions of people who would like to see the next president's record. This will help you make some critical decisions, such as how you will measure whether or not you have been successful in reaching out to these people.While you are doing your political campaign research, you also have to make sure that you are doing it in the right way. For example, you must learn about your audience, and you must determine how they respond to different types of messages. You also have to learn about the different kinds of information that they want.In addition, you also have to make sure that you are taking advantage of all the free social media platforms that are available. Remember that people are making money through social media, so you should be careful about how you use it.Also, when you are doing your campaign research, you should know how to give responses to the questions that are included in the survey. If you do not know how to answer these questions, you will find that you are missing out on important information that is important to your campaign. Also, you will find that you are spending too much time answering the same questions over again.In short, if you are using social media for political campaign research, you should make sure that you take the time to gather all the information you need. This will help you come up with the best results possible. Also, you should think about which questions to include in your survey and which ones you should leave out.

Why Did You Select Your Major Essay Sample?

Why Did You Select Your Major Essay Sample?After deciding what your major in college is going to be, your next step is to make sure that you have a detailed and well thought out essay sample for your student evaluations. You need to write your own essay and you need to have a ready written response for your students. This is the best way to make sure that you can accurately assess whether you are effective in what you do. Students are used to getting their academic lives graded by an advisor, professor or other teacher so they want to have their writing evaluated by someone who they know is not only capable of giving them positive feedback but someone who know how to evaluate the exact same things.For this reason, you should create a good essay for your student evaluations. In addition to that, the key to your essays is that you have to make sure that they meet the following criteria: You must present and answer your own question as clearly as possible, even if it is one that is alre ady written on your own resume or CV. To make sure that your essay truly communicates the message that you are trying to convey, make sure that you give a clear explanation about the issue at hand. If you are trying to explain something that is unfamiliar to your students, then there is no point in including it in your essay.The main purpose of the essay sample that you are using should always be to communicate a clear idea to your students. That is why you are writing it and you are not simply reading from your notes. In addition to that, you should use just the right type of language that you would like to be able to communicate. The reason why you are writing it is so that you can help your students develop their knowledge of their subject area and make them familiar with the type of writer they will need to be if they are to be successful in their writing.When you are creating your essay, you should ensure that it is specific, relevant and concise in order to suit the requiremen ts of your student evaluations. To make sure that the essay is precise and focused, you should first of all define your topic. This helps you to clearly identify the exact idea you are trying to communicate. For example, if you are writing about recent graduate employment rates, you should include some information about the latest trends in the industry.You should also take time to find out about the most popular job openings in your field. To make sure that you are giving your students the exact information that they will need to be able to understand and evaluate your performance, you should write your essay using a relevant and up to date vocabulary. Try to put your student's minds at ease by using common words that are used in everyday life.This is the reason why you need to make sure that you have a detailed and prepared essay sample for your student evaluations. The best ways to do this is to create a project where you will outline your essay in advance. You can then use this outline to plan out the construction of your own student evaluations.In conclusion, when you are creating a sample for your student evaluations, make sure that you consider all the above points. After all, it is all about delivering a clear message to your students. To ensure that you do this effectively, you should make sure that you have a well crafted essay sample.

Sports And Drugs Essays - Drug Control Law, Barry McCaffrey

Sports And Drugs "The Sports World Should be Drug Free" This article was derived on the question: Why the sports world should be drug free? Barry McCaffrey's answer to this question is based on a simple assumption that drug usage in sports has a direct impact on children which will ultimately lead to downfall of sports. The essay takes on the belief that all or most kids look up to athletes. And if these athletes do drugs then kids will do drugs. It is directed to the athletes themselves, coaches, and the parents of all children. McCaffrey states that after the death of athlete Len Bias, youth cocaine use suddenly dropped (page 1). It seems that this is a safe assumption because after a death of a famous athlete, people as well as children learn the disastrous effect of drug use. He also believes that when athletes use drugs and are rewarded for their athleticism kids get the misimpression that drugs are not dangerous to their well being, dreams and aspirations (page 1). This essay is compelling and also logical. We as a culture know that children look up to all athletes. They are pictured on cereal boxes, sneaker ads, cartoons, etc.... The author makes the natural assumption that if these athletes use drugs that kids will get the picture that it is alright for them to use them as well. His argument is very convincing especially for a parent. He gives evidence that professional organizations are know getting involved to take a stand against drug usage. McCaffrey states, " Eighteen Major League Baseball teams are showing anti-drug public service announcements in their stadiums at home games. Major league soccer is sending strong anti-drug messages to its young fans. On October 23rd , as part of the Office of Drug Policy's athletic initiative, the first ever "National Coachathon Against Drugs" will see coaches across the nation?from pee wee to the big leagues?starting practices with messages against drugs" (page 2). The only thing about McCaffrey's argument is that he didn't consider the other side's point of view. He must of thought they did not have a relevant case to even consider their view. He did a good job researching and making a firm strong point. Bibliography McCaffrey, Barry R. "The Sports World Should Be Drug Free" St. Petersburg Times. September 9, 1998. p. 12A

The Meaning of Form Follows Function

The Meaning of 'Form Follows Function' Form follows function is an architectural phrase often heard, not well understood, and hotly discussed by students and designers for over a century. Who gave us the most famous phrase in architecture, and how did Frank Lloyd Wright expand its meaning? Key Takeaways The phrase form follows function was coined by architect Louis H. Sullivan in his 1896 essay The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered.The statement refers to the idea that a skyscrapers exterior design should reflect the different interior functions.The Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri, and the Prudential Building in Buffalo, New York, are two examples of skyscrapers whose form follows their functions. Architect Louis Sullivan Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) helped pioneer the American skyscraper mainly in the Midwest, creating a Sullivanesque style that changed the face of architecture. Sullivan, one of the great figures in American architecture, influenced the language of the style of architecture that characterized what became known as the Chicago School. Often called Americas first truly modern architect, Sullivan argued that a tall buildings exterior design (form) should reflect the activities (functions) that take place inside its walls, represented by mechanical equipment, retail stores, and offices. His  1891 Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri, is an iconic showcase for Sullivans philosophy and design principles. Observe the terra cotta facade of this early steel frame tall building: The lower floors require a different natural lighting window configuration than the central seven floors of interior office space and the top attic area. The Wainwrights three-part architectural form is similar to partners Adler and Sullivans taller 1896 Prudential Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York, a similar form because these structures had similar functions. Prudential Guaranty in Buffalo, New York. Dacoslett/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 The Rise of Skyscrapers The skyscraper was new in the 1890s. More dependable steel being made by the Bessemer process could be used for posts and beams. The strength of a steel framework allowed buildings to be taller without needing thick walls and flying buttresses. This framework was revolutionary, and Chicago School architects knew the world had changed. The U.S. after the Civil War had changed from rural to urban-centered, and steel became the building blocks of a new America. Tall buildings major use- office work, a byproduct of the Industrial Revolution- was a new function in need of a new urban architecture. Sullivan understood both the magnitude of this historical change in architecture and the possibility that beauty may be left behind in the rush to be the tallest and the newest. The design of the tall office building takes its place with all other architectural types made when architecture, as has happened once in many years, was a living art. Sullivan wanted to build beautiful buildings, like Greek temples and Gothic cathedrals. He set out to define principles of design in his 1896 essay, The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered, published the same year as the Prudential Guaranty Building rose tall in Buffalo. Sullivans legacy- besides instilling ideas in his young apprentice, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)- was to document a design philosophy for multi-use buildings. Sullivan put his beliefs into words, ideas that continue to be discussed and debated today. Prudential Building, 1896, Buffalo, New York. Dacoslett/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 Form All things in nature have a shape, Sullivan said, that is to say, a form, an outward semblance, that tells us what they are, that distinguishes them from ourselves and from each other. That these shapes express the inner life of the thing is a law of nature, which should be followed in any organic architecture. Sullivan suggests that the exterior shell of the skyscraper should change in appearance to reflect interior functions. If this new organic architectural form was to be part of natural beauty, the buildings facade should change as each interior function changes. Function Common interior areas by function included mechanical utility rooms below grade, commercial areas in the lower floors, mid-story offices, and a top attic area generally used for storage and ventilation. Sullivans description of office space may have been organic and natural at first, but decades later many people mocked and ultimately rejected what they thought was Sullivans dehumanization, which he also expressed in The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered: an indefinite number of stories of offices piled tier upon tier, one tier just like another tier, one office just like all the other offices, an office being similar to a cell in a honey-comb, merely a compartment, nothing more The birth of the office was a profound event in American history, a milestone that affects us even today. Its not surprising, then, that Sullivans 1896 phrase form follows function has echoed through the ages, sometimes as an explanation, often as a solution, but always as a design idea expounded by one architect in the 19th century. Form and Function Are One Sullivan was a mentor to Wright, his young draftsman, who never forgot Sullivans lessons. As he did with Sullivans designs, Wright took the words of his lieber meister (dear master) and made them his own: Form and function are one. He came to believe that people were misusing Sullivans idea, reducing it to a dogmatic slogan and an excuse for foolish stylistic constructions. Sullivan used the phrase as a starting point, according to Wright. Beginning from within outward, the concept that Sullivans function within should describe the outward appearance, Wright asks, The ground already has form. Why not begin to give at once by accepting that? Why not give by accepting the gifts of nature? So what are the factors to consider in designing the exterior? Wrights answer is dogma for organic architecture; the climate, soil, building materials, type of labor used (machine-made or hand-crafted), the living human spirit that makes a building architecture. Wright never rejects Sullivans idea; he suggests that Sullivan didnt go far enough intellectually and spiritually. Less is only more where more is no good, Wright wrote. Form follows function is mere dogma until you realize the higher truth that form and function are one. Sources Gutheim, Frederick, editor. Frank Lloyd Wright on Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940). Grossets Universal Library, 1941.Sullivan, Louis H. The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered. Lippincotts Magazine, March 1896.Wright, Frank Lloyd. The Future of Architecture. New American Library, Horizon Press, 1953.