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Factors Affecting Trade Volume - Free Essay Example

Introduction The area of research for this thesis focuses on empirical study determinants of trade volume of Asian developing economies; which constitute the success of global trade. The relationship among determinants of trade studied in the context of developing economies which includes: Pakistan, India, China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Factors those affects on trade includes: Tariff, Import duty, Inflation, Foreign Direct Investment (F.D.I), Exchange Rate, Transportation Cost and Gross domestic Product (G.D.P) affect on trade volume, based on gravity equation framework in which foreign trade depend in between countries. To accomplish this purpose by using standard gravity model, study comprises multivariate regression on trade of Asian economies. Study found that trade depend on distance in between countries, wealth, tariff and non tariff barriers (N.T.Bs) like exchange and capital control. Export volume of an economy measures trade volume of a particular country to indicate economic growth of a particular country (Tamirisa, 1999). An Economy that have positive balance of trade, improve economic growth of a particular country due to effective economic and financial performance. Besides this basic affects exchange and capital controls influence trade through other channels, for example, transaction cost, exchange rate, foreign exchange risk and trade financing. Capital control in particular country affect on trade in goods by reducing inter temporal trade and portfolio diversification, which may substitute or complement intra temporal trade (Tamirisa, 1999). Therefore, this thesis aims to study determinants of trade volume based on developing economies. A restricted trade policies imposed by a government is harm for a trade. Study found that world trade organization (W.T.O) rules regulations foster trade volume based on strategic planning of global trade at this competitive era. Despite the net economic and social benefits; most governments reduce subsidies and open economic trade. It has been realized in this study manufacturing tariffs remained high in developing countries. However; subsidies and trade policies affects on agricultural, textile and service industries of both rich and poor countries which continued hamper efficient resource allocation, economic growth and poverty alleviation (Anderson, 2004). Fundamentally, capital controls affects on trade by decreasing inter temporal trade and portfolio diversification. The impact of trade in goods depends, if trade in goods and trade in factors are substitute (for example, as found in the basic Heckscher-Ohlin m odel) the volume of trade in goods likely to fall. If trade in goods and trade in factors are complement (as, for example, in some models with increasing returns to scale), the volume of trade in goods increases (Tamirisa, 1999). The empirical evidence indicates that foreign direct investment tend to increase host countries export and import due to liquidity in a financial market. Foreign direct investment and exports are alternative strategies in this case. Since multinational companies (M.N.Cs) avoid to pay tariff. They initiate subsidiary companies at the host country to cross subsidize in other countries based on strategic management. Capital controls often limit business opportunities for hedging foreign exchange risk and trade financing, thus inhibit trade (Tamirisa, 1999). The gravity equation is one of the most empirically successful studies. It relates trade flow to GDP, distance and other factors that affects on the volume of trade (Anderson and Wincoop, 2003). For t his purpose, the overall effects of trade barriers on Asian developing economies empirically studied, analyzed, tested and resulted. Justification For The Research This study is timely significant for theoretical, methodological and practical reasons. With regards to theoretical significance; this study contributes to the literature based on their specification. Determinants of trade volume of Asian developing economies comprises, Pakistan, India, China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka to identify their trade issues with respect to other regions based on gravity equation framework. As mentioned in empirical literature, determinants of trade volume contribute their significance at this competitive era, where lot of resistance exists at global market. While competition indicate threat for any type of business either manufacturing or service industry. On other hand trade barriers like Tariff, Import duty, Capital Control through Foreign direct investment (F.D.I), Transportation cost and Inflation raise more critical issues to survive in this competitive era. This study also practically signifies from management prospective for those entrepreneurs intending to cross subsidize their business at global market to retain their leading market share. Results of this study provide guidelines for entrepreneurs to identify their, Economic and Socio-Cultural issues that lead to trade barriers for their investment. This study support them based on empirical understanding about trade barriers of developing economies and how it affects on trade. Finally, this study will benefit on strategic decision making to implement trade policies in global market. This chapter comprises the foundation of this study. It introduces research objective and focus on trade and its determinants based on theoretical practical justification of this research. Then major terms used in this study are discussed comprehensively. Literature Review This chapter based on comprehensive literature review, those are useful for this study. The objective is to evaluate determinants of trade volume in the context of literature review. To this end, this chapter divided into three sections. First section deal broadly with trade and its determinants for which this thesis first explains determinants of trade and then model based empirical finding those are relevant to this research. The second section will investigate theoretical perspective and determinants of trade. The third section interlinks determinants of trade with empirical findings based on Asian developing economies. In short, this thesis first discuss trade theories as mentioned in the literature and then pertinent model present; which will not only explain trade theories but also highlight the link determinants of trade and developing economies. Overview Of International Trade It is a well accepted idea that free trade benefits all countries around the world; it is also a well known fact that hardly any country has always been practice free trade policies. Traditionally trade theories contend that government intervenes on foreign trade because of political pressure from interest groups. Since import can pose a threat to domestic industries, these industries lobby intensely for trade protection (Krueger, 1974, Pincus 1975, Mayer 1984). Other studies suggest that governments are tempted to use trade bargaining to gain larger share from global trade (Morishima, 1989); [Cheng, Liu, and Yang, 1999]. International trade is more or less substitute of foreign investment. On the contrary factor proportion hypothesis [Helpman, 1984; Markusen, 1984; Helpman and Krugman, 1985; Ethier and Horn, 1990] seems to predict that international trade and investments are complement as firms take advantage of factor price differences through cross border vertical integration . According to Aizenman, Joshua and Ilan Noy (2005), it is common to expect bidirectional linkage between FDI and trade. However, it is difficult to indicate whether inflows and outflows of FDI affect directly on trade in different types of goods and services. Study found there is strong feedback relationship between FDI and trade; especially in manufacturing industries. There is some evidence indicate trade enhancement lead to extensive competition in domestic and global market at this era (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). Economic integration promises to raise trade volume through trade creation by engaging trade agreements. At micro level, interdependence between international trade and investment is magnified through intra firm trade (trade among foreign affiliates), outsourcing of raw material, intermediate goods, output and firms vertical integration behavior (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). Since trade liberalization implies a liberated (less costly) movement of good s and services while investment liberalization implies better environment for movement of resources. Increasing international trade based on sustainable comparative advantage is a key condition for countries to realize gain from global trade. If trade and investment are complementary, FDI inflow supposed to enhance gain from trade. In addition, FDI inflow to the host country expected to improve efficiency and productivity of factors production, therefore it enhances the countrys competitiveness (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). This study applies gravity model approach to investigate the relationship between international trade and foreign investment. Generally, countries with similar resources produce similar products. However, existence of two way trade (Bilateral Trade) in similar products and two way investments among developed as well as developing economies indicates that there is a room for trade and investment. Thus, simultaneous equation estimate is more appropriate app roach used in order to capture feedback effects between trade and investment in order to examine relationships between trade and investment (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). Factors Influence International Trade Study found that tariff, inflation, transportation costs are critical factors affect on trade of developing economies. The empirical evidence indicates foreign direct investment tends to increase host countries exports, although the impact on imports is relatively weak. In the presence of tariff barriers, however restrictions on foreign direct investment distort trade. According to the static general equilibrium model, trade is determined by the wealth and size of countries. While distance has a negative effect on trade, in a part because of trade costs (e.g., transportation and communication) are likely increase with respect to distance. Tariff barrier in the importing countries also tend to have a negative, albeit insignificant effect on exports into these countries. While Per capita, G.D.P and Population, on other hand, have significant positive effects on exports (Tamirisa, 1999). Factors those affect on trade justify in detail below. Tariff A tariff is a tax on import which is collected by the federal government to build infrastructure of a particular country. Tariff usually aims first to limit import and second to raise government revenue, thats reason multinational corporations (M.N.Cs) avoid to pay tariff. And initiate subsidiary companies at host country through cross subsidization to retain their leading market share at global market. Empirical studies found tariff lead to trade distortion due to it have a negative effect on trade which raises the cost of trade. Due to tariff rates significantly reduce export of developing and transition economies (Tamirisa, 1999). Model predicts the presence of trade barriers, such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers (N.T.Bs) diminish trade volume. The empirical study found tariff rate interact with the estimated share of free trade. Since trade distortions caused by tariffs; which indicate low growth rate in a country that needs to import more under free trade regime. Governm ent intervenes in foreign transactions by imposing tariff on import of foreign goods. Therefore, tariff has two effects on economy, namely distortion of resource allocation and the transfer of revenue. Thus, distortion effects of tariffs on the growth rate evidently hinge free trade (Lee, 1993). Empirical study found large variation in trade, caused by tariffs and transportation cost. Tariff liberalization shift trade from rich to poor and domestic to global countries, this estimates imply that elimination of tariff create more trade for poor countries. It is also implies that tariff elimination would divert trade away from continental to preferential trading areas. It has been studied in empirical literature tariffs, distance and production costs are important factors affect on trade; study found tariffs reduce trade significantly. Where low tariff rate is exists among organization of economic cooperation and development (O.E.C.D) countries. While high tariff is exist among Non- O.E.C.D countries. Therefore elimination of tariff rate would raise global trade significantly (Lai and Zhu, 2004). Inflation It has been realized in comprehensive literature review inflation tends to hamper the volume of trade and slow down economic growth. The initial effects arise from decreased in domestic demand. Thus, result rises in price fluctuation relative to those competing or importing countries (Lovasy, 1962). The initial affects of inflation is an increase the price of goods and services in domestic market, which makes selling on that market more profitable than export. Since market price influence a volume of trade. However inflationary affects tend to encourage such change with a view to raise the price of commodity and maintain it high level. The creation of substitute adversely affects on the volume of trade. If inflation prolong over a period of years, trade will adversely affect through structural changes in an economy (Lovasy, 1962). The affects of inflation on exports may be counteracted by government actions in various forms like: adjustment of exchange rates, retention quota, subsidies on exports (either straight or through multiple rate practices). In other hand devaluation or gradual depreciation of exchange rate will raise the prices of trade (Lovasy, 1962). Since many other factors influence export, inflation can be a visible affects if it lead the price out of line with price in competing countries or importing areas (Lovasy, 1962). On the other hand, extensive empirical research such as Levine and Renelt (1992), Levine and Zervos (1993), Stanners (1993), Bruno and Easterly (1998) and Easterly (2003) indicate negative relationship between inflation and economic growth (Chowdhury and Siregar, 2004). Transportation Cost Transportation cost is one of the significant factor affects on trade. The importance of geography has been recognized by Moneta (1959) as well as by Hummels (1998). It was found that distance is a critical factor in-between country, whether they share common border or they are landlocked. The infrastructure depends on transport and communications network. Study found that infrastructure is quantitatively important factor to determine transport cost (LimÃÆ'ƒÂ £o and Venables, 2001). Generally these types of cost associated in foreign trade. 1. Physical Shipping cost. 2. Time related cost (Lead Time). 3. Cost of cultural unfamiliarity. Among these costs physical and shipping cost obvious with respect to distance in a trade (Frankel, 1997 quoted from Linnemann, 1996). Generally neighbor countries have more integrated logistics network that reduce number of trans-shipments. Second, neighboring countries are more likely to have transit and custom agreements th at reduce transit time and translate into lower shipping and insurance cost. This suggests that distance affects trade volumes through transportation costs and through other channels such as information, which is often associated with distance. It has been realized that poor communication network leads to higher transportation cost, which significantly affect on the volume of trade (LimÃÆ'ƒÂ £o and Venables, 2001). Transportation cost negatively affect on trade volumes due to complex geographical location, infrastructure, administrative barriers and the structure of shipping industry. Based on comprehensive literature review, land locked countries face transportation cost fifteen percent higher and lower trade volumes than representative coastal countries (LimÃÆ'ƒÂ £o and Venables, 2001). Exchange And Capital Control Study found that most countries have liberalize policy on transfers payments; since economic policy is increasingly shifting toward liberalize transaction. Exchange control acts as a tax on foreign currency required for purchasing goods and services. Besides this basic effect, exchange and capital controls influence trade through other channels as well, for example, transaction cost; exchange rates, foreign exchange risk and trade financing. Study found that exchange and capital control often raise transaction cost (Tamirisa, 1999). Furthermore, exchange and capital controls can reduce trade by limiting the transfer of technology, managerial expertise and skills through foreign direct investment. Capital controls often limit business opportunities for hedging foreign exchange risk and trade financing. Thus inhibit trade volume in the presence of capital control. Exchange and capital control on other hand, often associated with an overvalued exchange rate, which inhibit trade. Mo reover capital controls help to retain domestic savings and higher saving leads to higher investment in export sectors; thus trade may increase (Tamirisa, 1999). Study found that capital controls are critical barrier to export into developing and transition economies; but not to industrialized countries. These findings attribute to capital controls, which noticeably reduce export into developing and transition economies and have only a minor negative impact on export for developed economies. Reason is that industrial economies have relatively liberal regimes for global capital movement. While many developing and transition economies continue maintain various capital controls (Tamirisa, 1999). Exchange and capital controls affect trade through interrelated channels, including transaction cost, and volatility of exchange rate, inter temporal trade, and portfolio diversification. Study realized exchange and capital control have a negative impact on export. However, this result va ries depending on the level of development in the country and type of exchange and capital control. These results may reflect the extent, to which restrictions on current payment and transfers have been liberalized (Tamirisa, 1999). Gross Domestic Product Trade cost operates primarily via price. In the context of monopolistic competition model, difficulty is created by the complexity of constant elasticity substitution (C.E.S) price index in the presence of asymmetric trade costs. To resolve this difficulty, three approaches have been taken: 1. G.D.P price indexes are used to capture the price effects in the gravity equation as Bergstrand (1985, 1989) and Baier and Bergstrand (2001). 2. Estimated border effects are used to measure the price effects, as in Anderson and Wincoop (2003) and Balistreri and Hillberry (2001). 3. Fixed effects are used to account for the price effects, as in Harrigan (1996), Hummels (1999), Redding and Venables (2002), and others (Lai and Zhu, 2004). Turn to an empirical investigation export from one country to other trading partners depends on gross domestic product (G.D.P). By using [Rauchs, 1999] classification sample consist in groups: homogeneous goods, differentiated goods in between categ ories. On the basis of gravity equation framework trade in each of these groups move from homogeneous to differentiated goods; studies found elasticity of export with respect to G.D.P rise significantly. These findings are empirically significant both economically and statistically. The G.D.P of exporting country is found to be a powerful explanatory variable to explain trade relations. There are demographic variables such as G.D.P and population which relate to the size and stage of economic development based on export and import in between countries. These factors are included in the study despite controlling the effect of dependent variable to determine whether size of an economy has an independent influence on trade relations (Feenstra, Markusen, and Rose, 2001). The ratio of trade volume to real G.D.P is often used as an indicator of an economys openness to international trade (Prasad and Gable, 1998). Import Duty Import duties refer to a tax in which importer pay to the government in order to bring foreign products in a particular country. Most of the import duties are figured in a percentage on declared value of the commodity. An import duty differs from product to product and depends on commodity is being imported. Its declared value of origin country. While product group used to assess import duties in between two countries (Sampson and Yeats, 1976). The competitiveness of domestic manufacturers adversely affected vis-ÃÆ'ƒÂ  -vis import because importer liable to pay additional charges due to execution of projects financed by a trading partners (Mukhopadhyay, 2002). Like India fetched excessive price because of banning imports on some goods, they charged very high duty running around the price of goods. These non traditional goods (mainly consumer durables) provided great stimulus to the contraband trade. However, when there is a massive scale of contraband trade, country f ace substantial loss in term of revenue (Sarvananthan, 1994). Foreign Direct Investment Study found foreign direct investment change industrial structure and trade flow across a country. Since FDI help in cost reduction and export promotion at host countries through up date technology. Foreign direct Investment (FDI) also provides financial resource for investment at a host country. In other hand it provides foreign exchange thats positively affect on the balance of trade. Indeed, in the wake of debt crisis, FDI has come to be viewed as an increasingly important source of revenue for developing countries (Goldar and Ishigami, 1999). Advantage of FDI is that it assists the host country to improve its export performance. By raising the level of efficiency and the standards of product quality, FDI makes a positive impact on the host countrys export. Furthermore, it provides better access to export in foreign markets. According to the Hymer-Kindleberger theory (Kindleberger, 1969) foreign owned firms investment at the host country; if it possesses competitive advantage which allows them sustainable growth. Foreign direct investment plays significant role to promote export and to change industrial structure of Asian countries through transfer of technology. Dunnings eclectic theory of international trade (Dunning, 1988) explain overseas market served by enterprises in different geographical location around the world. According to this theory, firms invest in a country if following conditions are satisfied: Firm possesses some ownership advantages vis-ÃÆ'ƒÂ  -vis firms with other nationalities serving particular markets. It is more beneficial for the firm to produce in foreign country due to update technology and Infrastructure of a particular country (Goldar and Ishigami, 1999). FDI contribute on economic growth of the region through cost reduction and export promotion. On other hand, rapid growth is being attained by the region due to update technology and infrastructure for a particular country. As growth leads to expansion o f both domestic and global market (Goldar and Ishigami, 1999). FDI flow in Asia has shifted over a time from Asian Newly Industrialize Economies (N.I.Es) to A.S.E.A.N. While china and Japan have became persistent source of FDI in developing countries (Goldar and Ishigami, 1999). During the past two decades, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong witnessed most rapid economic growth in all developing countries. Their export oriented strategy emphasis on foreign investment and trade is considered the main cause for their success (Amirahmadi and Weiping Wu, 1994). Many countries established Export Processing Zones and Special Economic Zone to promote foreign investment and export to other countries. These zones have preferential treatment in manufacturing process. Their products are targeted for export market. Taiwan and China are the chief example; where these zones have become major attractions of FDI (Amirahmadi and Weiping Wu, 1994). Exports and FDI is complementary instrument in economic growth [Veugelers and Yamawaki, 1991]. Increasing import and inward FDI increase competition on domestic market and reduce domestic firms profitability. FDI allow transfer of technology to produce and sell goods on foreign market. Empirical study found import have positive effects on competitive behavior of domestic firms and have negative effects on their profitability; it has been analyzed theoretically (e.g. by Caves [1985], Jacquemin [1982]) and empirically in the literature (e.g. by Levinsohn [1991], Pugel [1978, 1980], Turner [1980]); (Bertschek, 1995). Based on export oriented group of countries, foreign investment is a more powerful driving force in economic growth process rather than domestic investment. According to this supplementary hypothesis the elasticity of output with respect to foreign capital is predicted as exceeding with respect to domestic capital (Balasubramanyam, Salisu and Sapsford, 1996). Model For Study. Study comprises factors affecting trade volume of developing economies based on gravity equation framework. Foreign trade relation play vital role for economic development. Foreign trade is influenced by multinational corporation (M.N.Cs). These underlying relationships explain the effects, trade barriers of developing economies based on foreign trade relation. This section present trade model and its key concepts used in this study. Determinants of trade and its relationship with trade theory have been identified, tested and resulted. On the basis of comprehensive literature review; it observed that ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“tariff, inflation and transportation cost are significant factors affects on trade volume of Asian countries. The trade model tested based on developed hypotheses in the next section of this research. Trade Theory Based on comprehensive literature following are the facets of trade theories focus on various concepts associated with global trade in terms of theories expanded by the scholars. Gravity Model Of Trade Theory Study found that international trade flow well described by a ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"gravity equation frameworkÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  indeed, gravity equation is one of the empirical accomplishment stories in economics and trade theories (Feenstra, Markusen and Rose, 1999). The gravity equation framework is one of the most popular empirical evidence for the whole range of spatial relations in economics and international trade over a period of time. Generally it apply to study determinants of trade volume and to assess various regional economic integration with respect to developing economies (Cieslik, 2007). In the context of international trade, gravity equation in its basic form nominate the amount of trade in-between two countries increases in their size and proportion to their national income, and inversely decreases by the cost of transport between them, (As measured by distance between their economic centers). This relationship closely look like Ne wtons (1687) law of gravitation which states that every atom in the universe attracts other atom with a force that is comparative to the product of their masses and inversely comparative to the distance among particles (Cieslik, 2007). Although gravity equation in its basic form performs a good job to justify foreign trade based on size of trading countries and distance between them. Therefore, in order to improve performance of the gravity equation in empirical studies of trade; one should take into account the impact of other factors that affects on volume of trade (Cieslik, 2007). Theoretical Foundation Of Gravity Model The concept of the gravity model based on Newtons Law of Universal gravitation which relate the force of attraction between two objects with their combined masses and distance between them. The application of gravity model in social sciences empirically proposed by James Stewart in the 1940s (Fitzsimons et al., 1999). And then originally applied to international trade by Tinbergen (1962), the gravity model predicts trade flow between any two countries as a function of their size and distance between them (Walsh, 2006). Economic size is measured by gross domestic product, population and per capita income. Distance typically calculated through transportation cost between countries capital cities. In some studies this is replaced by the measures of remoteness through G.D.P or measure distances relative to the countrys average distance with all trading partners. Extension of this approach is to calculate trade cost with respect to barriers. And other restrictions on trade flow by co mparing predicted and actual levels of trade volume (Walsh, 2006). As the empirical applications of the gravity model has grown theoretically over a period of time; foundation of this model have also developed. Beginning with Anderson (1979); who illustrates gravity equation framework is consistent with a model of trade in which products are differentiated by the country of origin (Walsh, 2006). The gravity model is being established in a literature and measure potential trade between countries. The gravity model; defined by the Newtons Law of Gravitation, explain trade flow between two countries. It is one of the most popular empirical associations in economics and international trade. Earlier studies have estimated difference between observed values and predicted values those are calculated through O.L.S estimate of gravity model (Baldwin, 1994; and Nilsson, 2000); (Kalirajan and Singh, 2007). Justification Of The Gravity Model The Newtons physician primarily justify gravity model based on theoretical justification with their combined masses. Second justification for the gravity model was analyzed by Linneman (1966); (Rahman, 2003). Anderson (1979), Bergstrand (1985, 1989), Thursby (1987), Helpman Krugman (1985) share this view. Their studies identify number of variables. However, price and exchange variables can be omitted when products are perfect substitutes for one another in consumer preference. This structure of course, obtains the standard Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) setting (Jakab 2001); (Rahman, 2003). Empirical Study Study found the gravity model in the context of international trade applied, first time independently by Tinbergen (1962) and PÃÆ'ƒÂ ¶yhÃÆ'ƒÂ ¶nen (1963) but they didnt have any theoretical justification at the beginning. The earliest but not completely successful attempts provide a theoretical justification for the gravity equation by Linneman (1966), Leamer and Stern (1970) and Leamer (1970). However, origin of the gravity equation from a model was not possible till the product homogeneity assumption; since early neoclassical trade literature was relaxed at that time (Cieslik, 2007). The first formal attempt to derive the gravity equation directly from theoretical point of view made by Anderson (1979) based on Armington hypothesis which argues that products differentiated by the country of origin. Anderson (1979) demonstrated to derive gravity equation by using properties of Cobb Douglas expenditure system when goods produced by a country. Andersons (1979 ) approach subsequently applied and extended by Bergstrand (1985) who derived and summarize equation in terms of trade flow (Cieslik, 2007). An alternative method proposed by Helpman (1987) who completely departed from neoclassical assumptions of traditional Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model. Which assume monopolistic competition and product differentiation among various firm in all industries rather than countries. The monopolistic competition approach viewed as an elegant way to indigenize product differentiation and explain formally on the basis of Armington assumption. The main role of monopolistic competition in Helpmans (1987) model is to assure that different countries specialize in different varieties of products due to existence economies of scale, at the firm level. Insight has been formalized by Deardorff (1998) who derived gravity equation in its basic structure from traditional Hechscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model with complete specialize in production at a country level (C ieslik, 2007). Empirical Model Of Trade International trade is a vast study which comprises several model of trade one of them is gravity model. It is being used extensively in empirical studies of international trade and economics since 1960s. According to the static general equilibrium model, trade is determined by the wealth and size of the countries and distance between them. Theoretical foundation of the gravity model based on trade theories; under imperfect competition this has been integrated with the factor proportion and demand based theories of international trade (Tamirisa, 1999). The basic gravity equation is given by Where, Xkj = Exports from country k to country j. (Qk/Nk) and (Qj/Nj) = Per capita income of country k and j. Nk and Nj = Population of country k and j. Dkj = Geographical distance between country k and j. Akj = Denote factors distorting trade. ekj = Distributed error term. Based on above equation which can be modify by taking natural logs and defined tariff, capital cont rol and geographical distance as a trade distortions as follows: Where, Tjk = Import duty imposed by country j on import from country k, Ej = Aggregate measure of exchange and capital control in country j. The intercept accounts measured trade distortions on export volume. The model estimated by the ordinary least squares method (Tamirisa, 1999). Empirical Evidence Study found that tariff, inflation, transportation cost and capital control through foreign direct investment are critical barriers for developing and transition economies but not to developed economies. Controls on current payments and transfer reduce trade flow significantly (Tamirisa, 1999). Study found that distance has a significant affects on export in a part because of trade costs (e.g., transportation and communication) cost likely increase with respect to distance. Tariff barrier in importing countries also tend to have a negative affects. While per capita, G.D.P and population on the other hand have positive affects on export volume (Tamirisa, 1999). It has been realized in this study exchange and capital controls are significant barriers for developing and transition economies. These findings attribute to capital control, which noticeably reduce export in developing and transition economies and have minor negative affects for industrialized economies. The reason is that industrialized economies have relatively liberal regimes for global capital movements; while many developing and transition economies preserve various capital controls. While controls on transfer payment represent barrier for a trade (Tamirisa, 1999). Empirical Result An overall positive relationship found between trade and investment, greater the international trade among the countries, the higher level of F.D.I generates vice versa. In order to enjoy sustainable competitive advantage from trade liberalization, investments have a significant role for trade development (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). In this research model, study based on theories influenced trade of developing countries. The empirical evidence indicates relationship between international trade and investment which suggest important role for policy coordination to gain potential benefit, in terms of social welfare improvement. The positive association found in-between trade and investment thats suggests these are complements. Since trade liberalization leads to welfare improvements, F.D.I induced trade expansion. The on going process of trade and agreement seems to focus on trade liberalization by reducing trade barriers of both tariff and non tariff which obstacle for inv estment liberalization (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). Based on all discussions it has been realized in this study foreign trade have paramount significance more or less at all dimensions. The fact behind this; trade liberalization is foremost step for economic growth and development. Summary Based on comprehensive literature review it noticeably seems that trade barriers are critical factor to form trade liberalization in the context of developing economies. For practicing managers it realized that foreign trade is a vast study which has grown over the period of time at this competitive era, which bringing new concepts of foreign trade relations at this competitive era. The area of research focused to understand major constructs determinants of trade volume, which are seen to revolve around global marketplace. Study reveals that Product, Price, Place and Promotion are significant factors which affects on trade volume. To have a right product, right place at right time in front of target market at this competitive era. Extensive literature illustrate various theories and model of global trade thats highlight three critical factors affects on trade in which includes; tariff, inflation and transportation cost at this competitive era. This section based on theories infl uenced trade and economic growth of developing countries. The research model has been tested based on developed hypotheses in the next section of this research to investigate determinants of trade volume in the context of Asian developing economies. Research Hypotheses Based on empirical findings, this chapter comprises research hypotheses on the basis of trade theories and empirical evidence; factors affecting trade volume. Those theories empirically identified, tested and resulted to develop research hypotheses. The aim of this study is to understand the basic concepts of trade volume and its key dimensions, this study focused to investigate the role of foreign trade and its interactions with competitive era, which affects on global trade. Based on comprehensive studies in foreign trade and management literatures, dimensions of trade and management understand at this stage. Research Problem. The Problem area or issues regarding factors affecting trade volume based on Asian developing economies observed in this study. Some of the critical factors address in international business like tariff, inflation and transportation cost which negatively affects on trade; to limit the volume of trade at this competitive era. It is realized that inflation rate is critical factor affects on international market. Study also found transportation cost increase with respect to distance in between trading countries. Determinants of trade and their impact on international market evaluated on the basis of multiple criteria in this study. On the basis of empirical evidence research problem is being developed ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Factors affecting trade volume of Asian developing economiesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ . As economy growth depends on foreign trade due to modern technology and specialized expertise. Since foreign reserves have positive balance of trade with re st of the world. Research Hypotheses This study focused to identify factors affecting trade volume based on developing economies formulated by different scholars. It is recognized in literature review; management actions have potential affects on foreign trade, since foreign trade affects positively on economic growth for a particular country. Therefore after studying the model of trade, to measure trade with flourish economic growth for a sustainable period of time by its customer which can be achieved through effective management efforts. Finally study comprise the following hypotheses: H1: There is a relationship between Gross domestic product (G.D.P) and Trade volume. H2: There is a relationship between Foreign direct investment (F.D.I) and Trade volume. H3: There is a relationship between Exchange rate and Trade volume. H4: There is a relationship between Tariff and Trade volume. H5: There is a relationship between Inflation and Trade volume. H6: There is a relationship between Transportation cost and Trade volume. H7: There is a relationship between Import duty and Trade volume. H8: There is a relationship between Population and Trade volume. To answer the above propositions this thesis proceed in the following manner to determine real facts figure based on assessment of qualitative quantitative data. Summary In this chapter theoretical framework represents the relationship among determinants of trade in the context of Asian developing economies. Study found that critical factors affects on foreign trade includes: Tariff, Inflation and Transportation cost respectively by evaluating research hypotheses. Methodology This study empirically examine those factors affecting trade volume in the context of Asian developing economies. As chapter three comprises hypothetical structure with regards to Asian developing economies. This section justifies research objective to evaluate and proper methods that are followed. Research Objective Objective of this study is to empirically identify factors affecting trade volume and assess the impacts of trade barriers on Asian developing economies. It further attempts to investigate those factors affects on trade volume significantly. Research Design Research design based on research problem. The research problem therefore employed; to find factors affecting trade volume based on Asian developing economies. Since research design is the basic plan that guides about target population of the research to arrange sample size for data collection to analyze data in meaning full methods. The methods that were applied for this research was analytical research design. Nature Of Study Basically nature of this research is descriptive to justify those factors empirically identify, evaluated and tested based on develop hypotheses. Independent factors those have been identified in this research comprise (Tariff, Inflation, Transportation cost, Exchange rate, Import duty and F.D.I) on the other hand dependent variable (Trade volume). This research will help to analyze trade barriers and its affects on Asian developing economies. This information described with regards to empirical evidence. Data Source Basically this research comprises secondary data; collected from authentic source which includes: 1. World trade organizations (W.T.O) trade and tariff profiles. 2. The world fact book, from central intelligence authority (C.I.A). 3. Federal bureau of statistics. 4. International Monitory Fund (I.M.F). 5. United Nation Conference on trade and development (U.N.C.T.A.D) and their Annual reports respectively. An explanation based on collected data and the information used to justify this study. Reliability of this study based on filtered data comprised from authentic source which includes: W.T.O, I.M.F, C.I.A (Fact Book) and U.N.C.T.D. To collect filtered data based on specification of this research. Sampling Method Sample size based on target population which comprises developing economies. Therefore this thesis comprised fifteen observations based on five developing economies of Asian countries. Imply ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Judgment sampling method due to certain characteristics of developing economies which includes (Pakistan, India, China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka). These are true representatives of entire population of Asian developing economies. For validity purpose, filtered data comprised based on trade theories to find the answers of this research hypotheses. It was important to understand trade barriers of Asian developing economies at this competitive era, where lot of competition exists due to economic socio cultural differences. Summary Of Hypotheses Factors Affecting Trade Volume. H1: There is a relationship between Gross domestic product (G.D.P) and Trade volume. H2: There is a relationship between Foreign direct investment (F.D.I) and Trade volume. H3: There is a relationship between Population and Trade volume. H4: There is a relationship between Exchange rate and Trade volume. H5: There is a relationship between Tariff and Trade volume. H6: There is a relationship between Inflation and Trade volume. H7: There is a relationship between Transportation cost and Trade volume. H8: There is a relationship between Import duty and Trade volume. Statistical Technique The statistical tool used to evaluate and interpret data into meaningful information by using S.P.S.S version 13. Filter data from excel sheet was entered in S.P.S.S. Basically regression analysis; Multiple Regression used to test the degree, in which independent variables of foreign trade able to predict dependent variable of trade volume in the context of Asian developing economies. Main Effects (H1 through H8) Hypotheses testing concern factors affecting trade volume based on Asian developing economies by using ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Multiple Regression Analysis.ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  To assess the impact of independent variables: Tariff, Inflation, G.D.P, Transportation cost, Import duty, Exchange rate and F.D.I. on dependent variable of trade; Asian developing economies. Trade Volume = X1 + X2 + X3 Trade DeterminantsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ + Error term. Result concern the main effects presented in Table 4.1 (H1 through H8) of Asian de veloping economies. Regression Interprtations Of Hypotheses H1: States there is a relationship between Transportation cost and Trade volume. The level of association between transportation cost and trade volume indicates R is .944 and R2 .883 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .883 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is .944 at p0.05, it explains the 94% positive variation in Transportation comes from 94% positive variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H1 Accepted. H2: States there is a relationship between Gross domestic product (G.D.P) and Trade volume. The level of association between gross domestic product and trade volume indicates R is .973 and R2 .939 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .939 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…  ¸) is .491 at p0.05, it explains the 49% positive variation in G.D.P comes from 49% positive variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H2 Accepted. H3: States there is a relationship between Tariff and Trade volume. The level of association between tariff and trade volume indicates R is .984 and R2 .960 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .960 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is -.179 at p0.05, it explains the 18% negative variation in Tariff comes from 18% negative variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H3 Accepted. H4: States there is a relationship between Exchange rate and Trade volume. The level of association between exchange rate and trade volume indicates R is .990 and R2 .972 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .972 shows significant description. The coeffi cient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is -.219 at p0.05, it explains the 22% negative variation in exchange rate comes from 22% negative variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H4 Accepted. H5: States there is a relationship between Population and Trade volume. The level of association between population and trade volume indicates R is .998 and R2 .994 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .994 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is -.467 at p0.05, it explains the 47% negative variation in Population comes from 47% Population variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H5 Accepted. H6: States there is a relationship between foreign direct investment (F.D.I) and Trade volume. The level of association between foreign direct investment and trade volume indicates R is .965 and R2 .926 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between depen dent and independent variables. The R2 = .926 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is .965 at p0.05, it explains the 96% positive variation in foreign direct investment (F.D.I) comes from 96% positive variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H6 Accepted. H7: States there is a relationship between Import duty and Trade volume. The level of association between import duty and trade volume indicates R is .989 and R2 .974 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .974 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is .263 at p0.05, it explains the 26% positive variation in Import duty comes from 26% positive variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H7 Accepted. H8: States there is a relationship between Inflation and Trade volume. The level of association between inflation and trade volume indicates R is .993 and R2 .982 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .982 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is .148 at p0.05, it explains the 15% positive variation in Inflation comes from 15% positive variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H8 Accepted. Limitations Following are the limitations faced during the structure of this research. This research generalized specifically on Asian developing economies which can not be generalized on other economies. Specific data comprised only authentic sources due to limited time and information availability. Further in research, critical factors have been observed, the most affects include (Tariff, Inflation and Transportation Cost) are significant barriers on trade of Asian developing economies. Summary In this chapter research methodology describe in the light of factors affecting trade volume. This was a descriptive study; which incorporates data from authentic sources based on comprehensive literature review. Regarding analytical technique, the model was tested by using; Multiple Regression Analysis to assess determinants of trade volume in the context of Asian developing economies on the basis of extensive literature review. Conclusion And Recomendation The final chapter discus empirical evidence and research findings presented in preceding chapters. Based on develop hypotheses to identify trade issues and implication for the practicing manager in the context of Asian developing economies. In this study key dimensions of foreign trade includes tariff, inflation, transportation cost and exchange rate are significant factors which affects on trade. This Study further incorporates other key elements to elaborate determinants of trade such as Import duty, F.D.I and G.D.P respectively. Study found that G.D.P of exporting country is a powerful explanatory variable in the relative intensity of trade relation (Feenstra, Markusen and Rose, 2001). Result Discussion On the basis of Table 4.1 where result of hypotheses shown accordingly. Result on that table represents factors affecting trade volume based on Asian developing economies and their significance level. The aim was to identify determinants of trade and their affects in the context of Asian developing economies. Result of the analysis identify significant association among these variables (Tariff, Inflation, Transportation cost, Exchange rate, F.D.I and G.D.P) are statistically significant in relation to trade volume of these economies like (Pakistan, India, China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka). For this one determinant of trade represents significant relationship among these variables. Based on comprehensive literature and theoretical framework of this research, result indicates that (Tariff, Inflation and Transportation Cost) are statistically significant factors which critically affects on trade of Asian developing economies. Implications The major implications of this research are two fold. Academically it advance theory of International trade: Factors affecting trade volume based on Asian developing economies. Practically it focuses the attention of regional managers to continuously grow their business in other countries to lead in a global market and retain their market share based on sustainable competitive advantage. Another implication for managers and entrepreneurs is to implement supply chain management effectively to manage their backward and forward integration based on sustainable competitive advantage to build their strength in distribution network to minimize logistic and transportation cost. Scope Of Future Research On the basis of limitation there are numerous opportunities for future research. Since generalize propositions can not explain the phenomena alone; due to integrated approach need to implement to gain sustainable competitive advantage. These are the few potential opportunities for future research. First an integrated method need to adopt; to understand the essence of trade barriers caused by (Tariff, Inflation and Transportation cost) in relevance to multilateral trade construct. Using this approach provide better understanding of how trade barriers reveal with other factors of trade volume and affects on transitional, developing and developed economies. Second, the extent literature includes other dimensions relevant to both trade barriers and additional economies to identify relationship among determinants of trade with regards to developed and transitional economies. Conclusion Aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting trade volume based on Asian developing economies. A theoretical framework was developed to represent the link between trade barriers of developing economies; Based on gravity equation frame work to examine trade flow of developing economies. Given the lack of research based on trade strategies, in the context of Asian developing economies. Dimensions of trade barriers were first theoretically delineated then empirically validated. The dimension includes: Tariff, Inflation, Gross domestic product and foreign direct investment were top of the mind. Filtered data were collected from authentic sources. The key information was used to collect data from W.T.O, I.M.F, U.N.C.T.D, C.I.A (World fact Book). The main statistical technique used in descriptive research based on Multiple Regression Analysis. In the area of trade, this study attempt to explain determinants of trade in the context of developing economies. It also repr esents empirical and theoretical steps toward an explanation of trade barriers based on gravity equation framework. Such effort not only directed towards assimilating trade barriers of developing economies. But also toward generalizing the relevant studies mainly conducted from management perspective. Therefore such type of research necessary due to lack of study with this regards in the context of Asian developing economies. Due to such type of efforts acknowledge academically and practically in the future. Refernce Andrzej Cieslik, 2007. Bilateral trade volumes, the gravity equation and factor proportions Macroeconomics and International Trade Theory Division, Department of Economics, Warsaw University, Ul. Dluga 44-50. Anis Chowdhury and Hermanto Siregar, 2004. Indonesias Monetary Policy Dilemma: Constraints of Inflation Targeting. The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 137-153. Published by: College of Business, Tennessee State University. Chaisrisawatsuk, S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007. Imports, exports and foreign direct investment interactions and their effects, pp.97-115. A study by the Asia Pacific Research on Trade, (United Nations, New York). Gertrud Lovasy, Mar, 1962. Inflation and Exports in Primary Producing Countries International Monetary Fund, Vol. 9, No. 1. pp. 37-69. Published by: Palgrave Macmillan Journals. Huiwen Lai and Susan Chun Zhu, May, 2004. The Determinants of Bilateral Trade. The Canadian Journal of Economics Revue. Vol. 37, No. 2. pp. 459-483. James E. Anderson and Eric van Wincoop, Mar, 2003. Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle The American Economic Review, Vol. 93, pp. 170-192. Published by: American Economic Association. Mohammad Mafizur Rahman, September, 2003. The Gravity Model Approach. Discipline of Economics. University of Sydney, Australia. Natalia T. Tamirisa, Mar, 1999. Exchange and Capital Controls as Barriers to Trade International Monetary Fund (I.M.F) Papers, Vol. 46, No.1 pp. 69-88. Published by: Palgrave Macmillan Journal. Nuno LimÃÆ'ƒÂ £o and Anthony J. Venables, 2001. Infrastructure, Geographical Disadvantage, Transport Costs, and Trade. The World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2001), pp. 451-479. Published by: Oxford University Press. Robert C. Feenstra, James A. Markusen and Andrew K. Rose*August 3, 1999. The Gravity Equation Framework of Trade. Andrew K. Rose Haas School of Business University of California. Wen Li Cheng, Meng-chun L iu, and Xiaokai Yang, 1999, A Ricardian Model with Endogenous Comparative Advantage and Endogenous Trade Policy Regimes. Center for International Development at Harvard University.

Learning How Can a Defenses Essay Benefit You When Writing an Argument Essay

Figuring out How Can a Defenses Essay Benefit You When Writing an Argument Essay?As an understudy who intends to compose a contention exposition, it tends to be difficult to tell how to profit by realizing how to compose a support paper. So as to compose a viable one, you have to have a grip of the guidelines, not simply the principle reasons, for a specific contention. It is imperative to recognize what you are composing, yet additionally how to develop your own contention by utilizing the necessary words and making an outline.One of the fundamental things that understudies find helpful all through their scholastic year is having a lot of reports they can allude to when they have an inquiry or issue that they are attempting to determine. So as to figure out how to compose a legitimization paper, you will initially need to comprehend what an avocation report is and how to utilize it. In spite of the fact that your defense archive will be the way in to your prosperity when composing a contention article, there are a couple of tips to remember when creating one.Stay on point - You ought to abstain from taking in side digressions and shouldn't wander excessively far away from the principle contentions you wish to make. A major piece of how to comprehend what is worthy is by first realizing what isn't. When composing a contention article, there is commonly a specific degree of contradiction inside the understudy body in regards to different issues, this isn't generally the situation however is more often than not the case. So on the off chance that you take on a variety of themes, you may locate that one of your rivals chooses to move on.You ought to make sure to address the believability issue consistently. Opening up to your crowd is a basic part of a paper. You would prefer not to take something outside of any relevant connection to the issue at hand to additionally demonstrate your point. This is particularly significant on the off chance that you are composing a contention exposition as the aim is to locate a genuine discussion that is on the table.Establishing what you are examining first will assist you with maintaining a strategic distance from any type of conversation that you find terrible. A conversation that doesn't have merit isn't a discussion in the conventional sense, and subsequently ought not be permitted. Another issue that you ought to know about is that occasionally understudies may interpret one type of the word as meaning another.This is especially valid for qualifiers and action words that are usually utilized recorded as a hard copy; and ought to be kept away from when you are attempting to decide the veracity of the contention. Since such huge numbers of understudies find this has been a troublesome aptitude to learn, particularly when composing a contention article, there are strategies that have been utilized that understudies ought to know about. So as to assist you with thinking of a contention that individuals w ill concur with, you ought to talk about two contentions before you put them on paper.You ought to likewise recall that the best convincing systems ought to be utilized while examining established truths. On the off chance that you endeavor to alter individuals' perspectives through your utilization of feelings, at that point you will just prevail with regards to making them hate you. By figuring out how to utilize realities alone, you will have the option to give the genuine proof expected to help your own views.Use realities that are pertinent to the contention. This is something that ought to be recalled since you would prefer not to include anything only for it. You should discover reality and it must be bolstered with proof. Thus, to benefit as much as possible from a contention, you have to realize how to make it work.

Narrative Essay Topics For Grade 7

<h1>Narrative Essay Topics For Grade 7</h1><p>If you have never composed an account paper, there are some phenomenal open doors for you in the following scarcely any years. With the consistently developing ubiquity of the topic, you are probably going to get a huge amount of interest.</p><p></p><p>Using these open doors is extraordinary for anybody, and a significant number of the great occasions I've needed to compose these sorts of articles has been at the sea shore, in a recreation center, at the films, or pretty much whenever where I felt like a decent time. There are additionally some incredible spots to see these sorts of articles composed, similar to destinations that request that you state what the principle idea is, or where you can post your own stories.</p><p></p><p>Anywhere that is an extraordinary spot to make some incredible memories. You can really utilize this sort of expositions for grades 7, as long a s you most likely are aware how to compose one.</p><p></p><p>To set it forth plainly, this is an incredible spot to compose for grades 7, since they're fun and fascinating. This makes it simpler for you to add to it which can be a challenge.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous open doors for you to make a passing mark with story articles, yet it's a smart thought to take some time and truly consider what you need to state, when you can begin composing. On the off chance that you have ever done an exposition previously, you most likely acknowledge how hard this can be, just as why you may require to.</p><p></p><p>It's consistently a smart thought to look into your theme, so you can ensure it's not exhausting, and that you can impart your importance. You would prefer not to seem to be an author who can't impart their thoughts in a fascinating way.</p><p></p><p>A great time to compose this kind of article is at the present time, as there is such a popularity for this sort of paper. As I stated, it tends to be hard to compose account papers, yet it doesn't need to be on the off chance that you set aside the effort to discover something to expound on, regardless of whether it's a book you're perusing, something you saw on TV, or something you're intrigued in.</p>

Essay Writing Tips - How to Answer College Application Essay Questions

Essay Writing Tips - How to Answer College Application Essay QuestionsIf you are going to be a student in college and you need to write an essay to get into your desired school, then you will be taking on a lot of responsibility when it comes to how to answer college application essay questions. However, if you want to prepare yourself well before you start this process, then you should pay close attention to the tips I will share with you here.One thing that you should do first when it comes to how to answer college application essay questions is to have a list of questions ready so that you will not be thrown off by the fact that the college will need to read the whole thing. You should also be prepared to show your whole purpose behind the question. A lot of people take for granted that they will be given this essay but the truth is that it is something that the college will give you. Therefore, you will need to think of ways on how to answer the questions so that you can not only get accepted but also succeed in college.While it would be nice to know how to answer college application essay questions without knowing how to properly prepare for it, this is still a way in which you can prepare yourself. A lot of times, this can make up for a lot of the things that you will end up forgetting. For example, if you forgot to write down some information that you thought that you should have included, you can look back to the way you prepared your essay questions so that you will have a great memory of what exactly you wrote down.The second tip on how to answer college application essay questions is to think of what you will be writing about. The reason why is because some questions ask for a specific idea to be discussed, while others may ask you to write a sentence or two about an event that you have gone through. After all, you cannot expect to know everything that the college needs to know right away. You will be given this task because of your personality. The third tip on how to answer college application essay questions is to think of why you are writing this essay. There are a lot of students who think that the reason why they are writing this essay is to get into their desired college or university. Of course, this is not the case. The truth is that the reason why you are writing this essay will only be known after the college has approved your application.The fourth tip on how to answer college application essay questions is to focus on the reasons why the college should accept you. You do not need to think too much about what your reasons are. What you should focus on is that you have been given this task because of your personality or the kind of person that you are. With this, you should not expect the college to put too much importance on your reasons.The fifth tip on how to answer college application essay questions is to make sure that you are making a good impression. You should make sure that your school know that you have ta ken time to prepare yourself for this task. Even if you do not know how to answer the questions, you should make sure that you look as confident as possible so that the college will be happy to accept you.Finally, the sixth tip on how to answer college application essay questions is to use your entire self to write down your thoughts and ideas. The truth is that you will only get one chance to make a good impression on the college. By writing it in your own words, you will be able to make sure that you can make a lasting impression and that your essay will be accepted.

The Websites That Write Papers for You Diaries

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College Application Essay Examples - Writing Ideas

<h1>College Application Essay Examples - Writing Ideas</h1><p>If you will apply for a school award or other grant, you have to utilize a mix of suitable paper models from various fields so as to introduce your thoughts in a reasonable, strong way. It is useful to compose two unique articles, one that consolidates scholarly contemplations and composing procedures with the new thought you have. Composing an exposition is a key piece of getting into school and will assist you with getting into the school you need to attend.</p><p></p><p>Use paper models from the PC programming, data frameworks, or human studies fields to give your article an engaging and elegantly composed intrigue. These are where numerous grants and different awards are granted. At the point when you present your applications, it is significant that you use the latest grant and award writing with the goal that you can concentrate on the territories of research that will assist you with overcoming school.</p><p></p><p>The qualification necessities for grants and awards differ as per the specific kind of help given. For instance, a great deal of understudies meet all requirements for a grant dependent on their family foundation, however an exposition about software engineering may not get acknowledged for an award that requires just an understudy's capacity to code. It is essential that you present all grant and award application materials with the goal that you can ensure that your application gets considered.</p><p></p><p>Computer science is an interesting field of study. You might be comfortable with a portion of the phrasing in this field, for example, PC engineering and working frameworks. It is a part of science wherein PCs are utilized to perform computations, sort out information, and process numerical capacities. A fascinating point about this is individuals of any age can take part in this field of study.</p><p></p><p>In general, a great prologue to your potential school applications ought to remember insights regarding your experience for the exploration strategies that have educated your instruction. This will assist you with highlighting your one of a kind point of view just as how you expect to incorporate those convictions once you get to school. One of the main things that forthcoming understudies should contemplate when they are planning for their school application exposition is to consider what sort of data they wish to introduce in their application. You don't have to go through hours laying out your scholarly accomplishments, yet you do need to catch the pith of who you are as an individual and what you plan to do with your future.</p><p></p><p>As you begin assembling your school application paper, recollect that an extraordinary presentation has three parts: your character, the realities that you are giving, and the r easons why you ought to get into school. Making an amazing presentation is your duty as a forthcoming understudy, and it is one of the most significant pieces of a decent school application.</p>

Gossip, Deception and Cyber Bullying Essay Topics

<h1> Gossip, Deception and Cyber Bullying Essay Topics </h1> <p>The setback of digital harassing can as often as possible be disparaged on discussions and cultural media by a gathering of people. Tormenting has taken a totally extraordinary face since the appearance of the web. A digital harasser is someone who torments others' lives utilizing computerized innovations. From one perspective, he is the same than a conventional domineering jerk. </p> <p>Getting everyone in the network engaged with menace avoidance is 1 way. It's likewise harder to lessen tormenting and rebuff abusers since they oftentimes remain mysterious. People should know the entirety of reality with regards to digital tormenting and the systems to protect themselves from it. </p> <p>In certainty, loads of youngsters have at any rate one of the above pains'' however don't get prodded. More youthful kids could experience more difficulty articulating their battles with a harasser, so it very well may be pragmatic to chat with an instructor or advocate to help evaluate what's happening in the school. Guardians in general aren't familiar with the thought of digital tormenting and they do not have the ability to shield their kids from being digital harassed. So as to attempt to conquer tormenting issues, guardians and children should realize a couple of fundamental activities to ensure harmony and agreement while in school. </p> <h2>T he Downside Risk of Cyber Bullying Essay Topics </h2> <p>Prolonged tormenting may bring about lower levels of confidence and an awful self idea which could last well into adulthood. Words hurt notwithstanding physical agony. Tormenting is a natural encounter for some children and teenagers. Wretchedness is among the biggest known manifestations or impacts of tormenting by and large. </p> <h2> Getting the Best Cyber Bullying Essay Topics</h2> <p>Although a few schools are getting progressively touchy to the issue and are creating projects to target harassing, it's fundamental for guardians to comprehend some of the elements of tormenting and to learn methodologies to help their kids adapt. Youngsters and youthful people who observe or get aware of harassing might be uncertain what activities and whether they have to tell somebody. Every now and again, youngsters can't comprehend that what they're experiencing is a sort of tormenting. In the event t hat your child is acting bizarre, you may need to watch near realize whether he's come to be a loss of school harassing. </p> <p>Although bunches of individuals guarantee that there's nothing genuine on the web, the episodes of sorrow and suicides welcomed on by digital harassing are rising. In the event that you transform into a casualty of tormenting, there are a couple of components which you need to remember. A great deal of the examination centers around the quantity of children are influenced and how they're influenced by tormenting as opposed to how to viably intercede to abstain from harassing from happening in the absolute first area. Research with respect to the issue of school harassing and viciousness is still in its outset stages. </p> <p>Writing about digital tormenting lets you see all the more with respect to its various parts. Conversations about previously unmentioned points can realize major social changes. </p> <h2> A Startling Fact about Cyber Bullying Essay Topics Uncovered</h2> <p>Media education classes are demonstrated to diminish young men' s brutality. Understudies infrequently report being manhandled on the web, for the most part since they understand that their folks and instructors wouldn't support them. By making sense of how to stop tormenting, schools should build up the rules referenced already and cause a situation where understudies to understand that harassing is unsuitable. Most schools have understudies for in any event 1 year. </p> <p>It is a reality that on the off chance that you're harassed at school, at that point you simply need to return home and end it, in case you're digital tormented you have no place to go. Keeping youngsters occupied with exercises that instruct great habits is an extraordinary strategy to abstain from harassing in the inside school. Whatever reaction your kid decided to take, they shouldn't be terrified at school, and all things considered, they have to inform a grown-up in the structure right away. All kids and adults in a specific school take an interest, helping decline shame. </p> <h2> Cyber Bullying Essay Topics Options </h2> <p>In numerous conditions, the harassed kid will have the absolute best result whenever allowed to be effectively associated with the arrangement. As a result, the domineering jerk can get appropriate guiding to adapt to their issues. Advising the kid to just stay away from he won't take care of the issue and by and large just works for a brief timeframe. </p> <h2> The Importance of Cyber Bullying Essay Topics</h2> <p>Today, work environment harassing has transformed into a major issue at work, and heaps of Human Resources experts don't think about how to prevent or keep tormenting from happening. An investigation performed by the National Alliance of Mental Illness in 2011 demonstrated that people who feel socially-disconnected are at elevated danger of self destruction. Tormenting is an issue that influences right around 30 percent of adolescents in the usa. Educators should know about their own conduct. </p>

Essay Topics About Political Film Topics

<h1>Essay Topics About Political Film Topics</h1><p>There are a few exposition themes about political film subjects which can be utilized for the understudy planning to go into a Master's certificate. In such a class, the understudies would be urged to learn and comprehend the regular topics in films, films about governmental issues, mainstream motion pictures, and narratives about the US Constitution. The paper points about political movies would cover the significant discussions and conversations in political fields, how motion pictures have had the option to work up the creative mind of the majority, how political subjects have been successfully used by producers, and the effect that movies have had on human instinct and their thinking.</p><p></p><p>The article themes about political film subjects would be isolated into two classes: the noticeable and the non-highlighted motion pictures. The highlights in the graduate degree would require the understudies to recognize their preferred motion pictures. To test understudies on their learning capacity, they would then need to record their preferred political movies and clarify why they like them. All the paper points about political film subjects would need to incorporate the response to the accompanying inquiry: What movies have had the greatest effect on American society?</p><p></p><p>The two classes of exposition themes about political film subjects can be partitioned into two distinct sorts. There is a center article, where the subject is chosen and finished the composition, while there is a developmental exposition, where the thought or topic of the paper is now present in the developmental proposal. The topic of the primary article themes about political film points could be anything, from political parody, to assessment of the United States Constitution, to the social and political belief systems, to the American dream, to political tension , to political acting, to the specialty of narrating, to the legislative issues of film, to the narratives of gallantry and show, to the glorification of the young, to the politicization of movies, thus on.</p><p></p><p>The distinction between the first and the second class of papers about political film points could be found in the topic. The first, then again, centers around the movies that have had an effect on American culture and features the subjects that enlivened the whole American zeitgeist. The center exposition is not the same as the point based article as in it is likewise an overview of the best American political films that were created during the timeframe being referred to. While this exposition theme could be utilized as a developmental paper for a Master's certificate, the center article could likewise be utilized as an individual research project.</p><p></p><p>When these two subjects are utilized as points in the Mas ter's qualification, they are two of the many article subjects that an understudy can use to gain a Master's qualification. Nonetheless, these points will consistently hang out as far as intrigue and incentive when contrasted with different themes. The articles regarding the matters about political film points can be viewed as a type of presentation for any understudy who is anticipating a vocation in the field of education.</p><p></p><p>These paper subjects are probably the best speculation that one can make while going into the scholarly field. The articles are the beginning stage to progressively significant training that can prompt more significant level of studies and in the long run, a vocation in the field of instruction. On the off chance that you intend to promote your instruction, this is the place you should begin. In any case, the school necessities will regularly decide the sorts of themes that are to be covered.</p><p></p><p >As another option, the understudy may like to take a gander at the other paper points that have been talked about and distributed by the understudy's companions. This would give the understudy an increasingly complete perspective on the point. Consequently, the understudy would have the chance to truly look into what has been said and done.</p>

Custom Collage Papers - Where to Find Them

<h1>Custom Collage Papers - Where to Find Them</h1><p>Custom school papers, it is something you can go to on the off chance that you are experiencing difficulty when the month's end is drawing nearer. Regardless of whether you are selling a home or you are leasing a loft, a custom montage paper might be all you have to get past the month. All things considered, a great many people don't have any thought when the month's end is. At the point when they discover they are about out of money and that they are practically out of Visas then they will begin pondering when they will have the option to pay their lease or home mortgage.</p><p></p><p>You can truly profit by purchasing the correct custom collge paper. You can be certain that you will never need to stress over paying a charge card late again. That is an extraordinary feeling.</p><p></p><p>A great spot to search for custom collge papers is your neighborhood dollar st ore. A dollar store is a decent spot to discover things that are estimated sensibly. In the event that you choose to get it on the web, at that point you will be confronted with more extravagant things. Since they are reasonably estimated in a dollar store, you can stand to buy them.</p><p></p><p>Now, when you live in your own home you won't have any desire to purchase that numerous custom collge papers. Rather, you should arrange them once every month and simply drop them off at the post box. The beneficial thing about this is you won't need to stress over making them during the center of the month. This implies you can get them and not need to stress over hanging tight for them. This will assist you with setting aside cash and stress.</p><p></p><p>You can discover different places too where you can get custom collge papers. One spot to look is your neighborhood entrepreneur. On the off chance that they are in the land business, at th at point they may offer to sell you custom collge papers. You should take them up on this offer in light of the fact that most entrepreneurs wouldn't fret presenting custom collge papers to get your business. Commonly it will be justified, despite all the trouble and you will have the option to set aside yourself cash as well.</p><p></p><p>Another place you can get your own custom collge papers is on the web. You can discover numerous organizations that sell custom collge papers over the web. What you have to do is basically type in the words 'custom collge papers' into your preferred internet searcher. At that point, you will see huge amounts of various destinations spring up with a couple being recorded in the initial 10 outcomes. Investigate and ensure you get one that fits what you are looking for.</p><p></p><p>Another spot to look at is PayPal. You should initially enter your name and afterward you should simply choose the custom collge papers you need and you can pay them through PayPal. With the incredible client support PayPal has, this is an extraordinary method to ensure that you are getting your custom collge papers the manner in which you need them.</p><p></p><p>No matter what you are searching for with regards to custom collge papers you can for the most part discover it. Simply watch out for the correct organization and you can locate a lot on them.</p>

Human Trafficking in the Us - 1244 Words

Rough Draft: Human Trafficking and its Relationship throughout these United States A serious crime that virtually affects every country in the world is human trafficking. Human trafficking is a multi-national criminal business that’s roots are tied into â€Å"trans-criminal organizations, small criminal networks and local gangs, violations of labor and immigration codes, and government corruption† (Richard, 1999; U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2006.). Typically human trafficking has been defined as trading women and children for prostitution. As of late, trafficking has grown to include other types of force, fraud, or coercion, beyond sexual exploitation (USDHHS, pg. 3). The United States Congress has defined human trafficking into†¦show more content†¦8). Most common of these victims are deceived, manipulated, forced, or coerced minors. Those who fall victim of human trafficking have both long and short-term needs. It is common for victims to experienc e post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a disorder most common with torture victims and overseas military veterans, once removed from the trafficking scene. Beyond the victims basic needs, long-term needs such as housing, legal assistance, acquiring a job, job training, education, and family reunification. For some victims of labor trafficking, long-term medical care may be needed due to disabilities resulting from harsh treatment. Victims of sex trafficking may specifically benefit from substance abuse treatment and mental health counseling. To provide for these many needs of trafficking victims, there are many forward steps being taken to facilitate, and help these individuals. Due to the very different and complex needs of each victim, it is impossible for one single agency to respond effectively to the population. However, there are many non-profit and private organizations that have helped and continue to help trafficking victims on a daily basis. An example of this combat aga inst human trafficking is the Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence (FCADV), (USDHHS, pg. 22). According to members of the coalition, â€Å"Multidisciplinary coordinated community response is [among] the best ways for communities to respond to victimsShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking is Becoming One of the Largest Criminal Enterprises in the US1638 Words   |  7 Pagesthe words â€Å"human trafficking† are heard, most people have mental images of young girls and women being beaten and abused (Walker-Rodriguez and Hill, 2011). Often times people’s mental images automatically assume that these victims of human trafficking are from Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa (Walker-Rodriguez and Hill, 2011). Unfortunately, human trafficking is a global issue (Jac-Kucharski) and happens everyday in the cities and towns surrounding us. Unfortunately, human trafficking isn’t as easyRead MoreThe World s Fastest Growing Criminal Act1434 Words   |  6 PagesDrugs? Congra duations! You would be wrong. The fastest growing criminal act just happens to be human trafficking or in more blunt terms, slavery (â€Å"25 painfully†).Human trafficking is a large ongoing problem , not just in other countries but right here in the United States; human trafficking violates human rights and we all need to do our part in leading our country out of this plague. Human trafficking is not a new phenomenon, it has been happening for so long that there is no specific starting dateRead MoreHuman Trafficking Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesAPA documentation format, each with a brief summary paragraph: in your own words, write a two-three sentence summary the source’s main point and identifying key expert views or evidence which will help support specific points in your outline. Human Trafficking in the United States of America I.Introduction I’ve chosen to cover this topic because now more than ever news specials are being broadcast and even though each story as similar as the next they’re very captivating. The statistics on thisRead MoreHuman Trafficking: The Newest Form os Slavery Essay examples688 Words   |  3 PagesHuman trafficking, the newest form of slavery, had spread across the world, even in Kansas City (UNODC). Human trafficking is a form of forced labor, whether it may be working on farms to working as a prostitute (Kansas City Star). Human trafficking is considered one of the main criminal industries in the world (Polaris Project). Also, there are many forms of trafficking. The most common are sex trafficking or forced labor (Polaris Project). In many situations, traffickers are sex trafficking peopleRead MoreEssay on Human Trafficking Crime1303 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking is one of the most gfmoney making crime in the world? 1] (Amanda Kloer, March 15th 2011) Do you know huma n trafficking is slavery and happening everywhere, including where you live. It’s happening to many normal people like you. Most products that you buy from the supermarket like food, clothes, and shoes are made by people who were trafficked to factories.Will human trafficking stop if we legalize it? Human trafficking has become a global problem, as it happens everywhere to allRead MoreThe World Are Victims Of Human Trafficking1566 Words   |  7 PagesIt is estimated that more than 20 million men, women and children around the world are victims of human trafficking citation?. The United States is one of many countries that is a source and destination for these men, women and children of all nationalities. When most think of human trafficking, most think of sex trafficking. There is more than one way to traffic a human being though, whether it be through forced labor, debt bondage, or forced serving. Citation?. The first thing I asked myself beforeRead MoreTamara Johnson. Mr. Migues. Honors English 3. 13 February1022 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Human Trafficking Human trafficking,the illegal practice of trading in human beings for the purpose of prostitution, forced labor, or other forms of exploitation, is a crime that affects the most vulnerable citizens of society. After drugs, it the largest criminal activity globally! The victims must be the primary concern for all law enforcement units. Human trafficking in the world can be diminished and possibly erased through teachings, government intervention, and awareness. Human traffickingRead MoreThe Horrors of Human Trafficking 1668 Words   |  7 Pages Globally, about 20 to 30 million people are involved in the human trafficking system, and of those, 14,500 to 17,500 people are trafficked in the United States every year. Human trafficking is more prevalent today then ever before. It is the third largest crime internationally. People are abused and taken advantage of. According to the article, â€Å"11 Facts About Human Trafficking,† on average, a person is forced into the system around age 9, and the majority of victims are women and girls, withRead MoreSex Trafficking of Children1277 Words   |  5 PagesThe trafficking of children and women for sexual purposes has become a key worry for nearly all governments throughout the world. Accounts in the United States regarding human trafficking for the purpose of sexually exploiting women and children have shown the matter is also a national problem and that it is on the rise. A projected 60,000 women and children are trafficked each year in the United States (Wheaton Schauer, 2006). These victims generally come from the regions of Latin America,Read MoreThe Trafficking And Forms Of Human Trafficking Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pages2.1.2 The concept of Human Trafficking and forms of Human Trafficking Human trafficking is a complex phenomenon hence difficult to conceptualize (Maclnnis, 2012). Scholars, nations and international organizations have individually or collectively tried to define human trafficking and, not surprisingly, they disagree with one another. United States (US) for instance does not consider organ trade as human trafficking whereas the United Nations (UN) and Canada do (United States Department of State